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Capoeira is a Brazilian art form that incorporates dance, music, martial art techniques and acrobatics.
The history of the art can be traced back to the early 1500’s in Brazil, during the time of slavery. Africans were brought to Brazil by the Portuguese to work on the plantations as slaves in harsh and unsuitable conditions. The slaves had no way to escape their hardship except for the practice of their singing and dancing. It was in this expression that Capoeira was born and later developed into the popular art form that it is today.
Capoeira is an expression of the body, mind and spirit. Capoeira looks like a dance and can be a fight - Its movements are mesmerizing and scintillating.
In a “game” of Capoeira, two players move around each other in what can be described as a ‘mock combat’ encircled by other capoeiristas with the orchestra of instruments at the head of the circle. The players weave in and out of each other in what appears to be a dance.
Among the players, the game can best be described as a conversation – ‘call and response’. It is graceful, yet combative. Like a human game of chess, one player will try to trick and tease the other to move into a position where she is able to put him off balance or to create the space for acrobatic moves. It is a game of the body and mind. It is a game of wills, strength, flexibility, endurance and perception. Each game is unrehearsed, the players using their skills to challenge and outsmart the other.
The traditional music of the Capoeira dictates the type of game to be played – slow, fast, acrobatic, playful or powerful. The songs are sung in Portuguese and capture the essence and history of the art form or simply describe the game within.

There are five main instruments used in capoeira: berimbau, pandeiro, atabaque, agogô, and reco-reco. The types of instruments used to form the bateria (orchestra) depend on the style of capoeira.

The berimbau consists of a wooden bow (verga – traditionally made from biribá wood, which grows in Brazil), about 4 to 5 feet long (1.2 to 1.5 m), with a steel string (arame – often pulled from the inside of an automobile tire) tightly strung and secured from one end of the verga to the other. A gourd (cabaça), dried, opened and hollowed-out, attached to the lower portion of the Verga by a loop of tough string, acts as a resonator.Since the 1950s, Brazilian berimbaus have been painted in bright colors, following local Bahian/Brazilian taste; today, most makers follow the tourist consumer's quest for (pretended) authenticity, and use clear varnish and discreet decoration.To play the berimbau, one holds it in one hand, wrapping the two middle fingers around the verga, and placing the little finger under the cabaça's string loop (the "anel"), and balancing the weight there. A small stone or coin (pedra or dobrão) is held between the index and thumb of the same hand that holds the berimbau. The cabaça is rested against the abdomen. In the other hand, one holds a stick (baqueta or "vaqueta" – usually wooden, very rarely made of metal) and a shaker (caxixi). One strikes the arame with the vaqueta to produce the sound. The caxixi accompanies the vaqueta. The dobrão is moved back and forth from the arame to change the pitch produced by the berimbau. The sound can also be altered by moving the cabaça back and forth from the abdomen, producing a wah-like sound.[citation needed]Parts and accessories of the berimbau:

 

The pandeiro (Portuguese pronunciation: [pɐ̃ˈdejɾu]) is a type of hand frame drum popular in Brazil, and which has been described as an unofficial instrument of that nation.[citation needed] The drumhead is tunable, and the rim holds metal jingles (platinelas), which are cupped creating a crisper, drier and less sustained tone on the pandeiro than on the tambourine. It is held in one hand, and struck on the head by the other hand to produce the sound. Typical pandeiro patterns are played by alternating the thumb, fingertips, heel, and palm of the hand. A pandeiro can also be shaken to make sound, or one can run a finger along the head to create a "rasp" noise.
The pandeiro is used in a number of Brazilian music forms, such as samba, choro, coco, and capoeira music. The Brazilian pandeiro derives from the pandeireta or pandereta of Spain and Portugal.[citation needed]

The atabaque (/ɑːtəˈbɑːkiː/; Brazilian Portuguese: [ataˈbaki]) is a tall, wooden, Afro-Brazilian hand drum. The shell is made traditionally of Jacaranda wood from Brazil. The head is traditionally made from calfskin. A system of ropes are intertwined around the body, connecting a metal ring near the base to the head. Because of this tuning mechanism the drum is sometimes known as 'Atabaque de Corda'. Wooden wedges are jammed between this ring and the body and a hammer is used to tighten or loosen the ropes, raising or lowering the pitch of the drum.
In Africa, Cord-and-peg tension Atabaques had a distribution area roughly congruent with the iron double bell (Agogo). This included the Guinea Coast from the Niger River and west to Benin, Togo, and Ghana. Beyond West Africa, cord-and-peg tension drums appeared in Bahia, Suriname, St. Domingue, Cuba, and the southern states of America. These drums traveled with the Ewe, Fon, Akan, and Yoruba people during the New World diaspora.[1]
The atabaque is used in Capoeira, Maculelê and the Afro-Brazilian religion of Candomblé. It is considered sacred in Candomblé. The main instrument in Candomblé is the drum (Atabaque), skinned with cord-and-peg tension.[2]
There are three types of atabaque: rum, the tallest with the lowest pitch; rum-pi, of medium height and in the middle pitch range; and lê, the smallest and highest-pitched.[3]
In Maculelê and the rituals of Candomblé, as many as three Atabaques are used (usually one of each type), but in Capoeira, traditionally only one is used.

An agogô (Yoruba: agogo, meaning bell) is a single or multiple bell now used throughout the world but with origins in traditional Yoruba music and also in the samba baterias (percussion ensembles). The agogô may be the oldest samba instrument and was based on West African Yoruba single or double bells. The agogô has the highest pitch of any of the bateria instruments.

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